"One-stop" hybrid operation of carotid stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting: A case report and literature review / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease with carotid stenosis, explore synchronous hybrid treatment for coronary heart disease with severe carotid stenosis and review of literature. Methods A case of "one-stop" carotid artery stenting (CAS) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) hybrid surgical treatment of coronary heart disease with severe carotid stenosis was reported in present paper. Searching the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and PubMed databases, several literatures were retrieved and analyzed to summarize the experience of diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease with severe carotid stenosis. Results A 64-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital due to intermittent chest tightness for more than one month. Imaging examination, including coronary angiography, carotid ultrasound and cerebral vessel angiography, showed that severe coronary heart disease with bilateral carotid stenosis and obvious cerebral ischemia in the right brain hemisphere. Operation for right carotid artery was first performed under local anesthesia, and then the off-pump CABG was carried on under general anesthesia. Operation procedure was going well, and the recovery was good. The patient was followed up 3 months after operation, and there was no chest tightness and head-neck discomfort. Fourteen articles were obtained through database retrieval, and a total of 590 patients were reported including 427 male cases (72.4%) and 163 female cases (27.6%). All of them were treated at same stage with first CAS and sequential CABG. The interval between CAS and CABG was less than 24 hours. Findings indicated that postoperative stroke in 21 cases (3.5%), perioperative myocardial infarction in 11 cases (1.8%) and in-hospital death in 26 cases (4.4%). The follow-up results were satisfactory. Conclusion "One-stop" CAS and CABG hybrid treatment is one of good therapeutic options for patients with coronary heart disease and carotid stenosis, but this operation needs to be carried out in the hybrid operation room, and the technical requirements for the surgeons are relatively high.

Effect of diltiazem injection on blood pressure control after carotid artery stent implantation / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of diltiazem injection on the blood pressure and heart rate of patients with carotid artery stent implantation. Methods 60 patients with carotid artery stent implantation from February 2015 to March 2017 were divided into control group and observation group, with 30 cases in each group. The control group was given conventional medication, the observation group was treated with diltiazem on the basis of routine medication in the control group. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at 72 hours after operation. The number of patients with low blood pressure was measured. Results The stenosis rate of the two groups was significantly lower than that of the control group, while the observation group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). The blood pressure of the observation group was lower than that of the control group at 72 h after operation, but there was no statistical significance. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the rate of hypotension. Conclusion Application of diltiazem injection can help stabilize the carotid artery stent implantation in patients with blood pressure and heart rate, to avoid the occurrence of accidents.

Effect of diltiazem injection on blood pressure control after carotid artery stent implantation / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of diltiazem injection on the blood pressure and heart rate of patients with carotid artery stent implantation. Methods 60 patients with carotid artery stent implantation from February 2015 to March 2017 were divided into control group and observation group, with 30 cases in each group. The control group was given conventional medication, the observation group was treated with diltiazem on the basis of routine medication in the control group. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at 72 hours after operation. The number of patients with low blood pressure was measured. Results The stenosis rate of the two groups was significantly lower than that of the control group, while the observation group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). The blood pressure of the observation group was lower than that of the control group at 72 h after operation, but there was no statistical significance. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the rate of hypotension. Conclusion Application of diltiazem injection can help stabilize the carotid artery stent implantation in patients with blood pressure and heart rate, to avoid the occurrence of accidents.

Carotid stent angioplasty for severe carotid artery stenosis: analysis of curative effect in 25 patients / 介入放射学杂志

Objective To discuss the surgical characteristics,safety and perioperative management of carotid stent angioplasty (CSA) for the treatment of severe carotid artery stenosis (＞85％).Methods From December 2011 to May 2016,a total of 25 patients with carotid artery stenosis (＞85％) were treated with CSA.According to the stenotic characteristics of the lesion,distal cerebral protection device was employed in performing CSA.During the operation,attention was paid to individualized and detailed surgical management and perioperative management program;the revascularization and the dropping-off of thrombus in cerebral protection device were under close observation,while effort was made to control the occurrence of complications.The patients were followed up for one year to observe the occurrence of ischemic cerebrovascular events.Results The cerebral protection device was successfully deployed after it passed over the severe carotid artery stenosis.After balloon pre-dilation the stent was deployed,and the stent showed satisfactory shape.North America Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Testing (NASCET) showed that the average degree of carotid artery stenosis was decreased from preoperative (91.0±3.1)％ to postoperative (21.0±5.1)％.The protective umbrella was successfully retrieved in all patients,and deciduous tissue fragments were observed in 6 retrieved protective umbrellas.During the perioperative period no severe complications,such as cerebral hemorrhage,cerebral infarction,hyper-perfusion syndrome or death,were observed.All the 25 patients were followed up for one year,and no transient ischemic attack,stroke or death occurred.Conclusion In treating severe carotid artery stenosis with CSA,in order to ensure a successful surgery and patient's safety the following points are very important:in-operative individualized and detailed management,perioperative preventive measures,and use of appropriate cerebral protection device.

How to Escape Stentriever Wedging in an Open-cell Carotid Stent during Mechanical Thrombectomy for Tandem Cervical Internal Carotid Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

We present 2 cases of complicated mechanical thrombectomy involving tandem cervical internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery occlusion using the Solitaire FR stent and simultaneous carotid stent angioplasty. During the procedures, the Solitaire stents containing the thrombus were wedged into the open-cell carotid stents, which were already deployed for proximal flow restoration. We describe the methods used to avoid and overcome such complications.

Emergent Recanalization with Stenting for Acute Stroke due to Athero-Thrombotic Occlusion of the Cervical Internal Carotid Artery : A Single Center Experience

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the technical feasibility and clinical efficacy of emergent carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) for acute stroke due to athero-thrombotic occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA). METHODS: Review of medical records identified 17 patients who underwent emergent CAS for treatment of athero-thrombotic occlusion of the cervical ICA with acute stroke between 2009 and 2013. Eleven patients (64.7%) presented with concomitant intracranial artery occlusion, which was treated primarily by mechanical thrombectomy after CAS. RESULTS: Successful revascularization of the cervical ICA with emergent CAS was achieved in all patients. After CAS, intracranial recanalization with Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction > or =2b flow was achieved in four of the 11 patients (36.4%). The overall recanalization rate (cervical ICA and intracranial artery) was 10 of 17 patients (58.8%). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in two patients (11.8%), resulting in death. Ten patients (58.8%) showed improvement (decrease in NIHSS score of > or =4 points) at seven days after recanalization. Nine patients (52.9%) showed a favorable outcome (mRS < or =2) at the last follow-up. A favorable outcome (mRS < or =2) was obtained in four of the six patients with isolated cervical ICA occlusion (4/6, 66.7%) and five of 11 patients with intracranial tandem occlusion (5/11, 45.5%). CONCLUSION: Emergent CAS for acute stroke due to athero-thrombotic occusion of the cervical ICA showed a good technical feasibility and favorable clinical outcome.

Colocación de stents vs. endarterectomía para enfermedades carotídeas. Resultados del Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy vs. Stenting Trial (CREST) / Stenting vs. endarterectomy for carotid disease. Results of the carotid revascularization endarterectomy vs. stenting trial (CREST) / Colocação de stent vs. Endarterectomia para doença arterial carotídea. Resultados do carotid revascularization endarterectomy vs. Stenting trial (crest)

Antecedentes y objetivos: La estenosis de la arteria carótida causa hasta el 10% de todos los ataques cerebrovasculares isquémicos. La endarterectomía carotídea (CEA) se presentó como tratamiento para prevenir los ataques cerebrovasculares en los comienzos de 1950. La colocación del stent carotídeo (CAS) fue presentada como tratamiento para prevenir el ataque cerebrovascularen 1994. Métodos: CREST es un estudio randomizado con adjudicación completamente ciega. Tanto los pacientes sintomáticos como los asintomáticos fueron randomizados a CAS o CEA. El objetivo final primario fue la combinación de cualquier accidente cerebrovascular, de infarto de miocardioo bien de fallecimiento durante el período periprocedimiento y de accidente cerebrovascular ipsilateral después de 4 años. Resultados: No existió una diferencia significativa en los promedios del objetivo final entre CASy CEA (7.2% vs. 6.8%; HR=1.11; 95% CI, 0.81-1.51; P=0.51). Tanto el estado sintomático como el sexo de los pacientes no modificaron el efecto del tratamiento, pero si se detectó una interacción entre la edad y el tratamiento. Los resultados fueron levemente mejores con CAS, en aquellos pacientes menores de 70 años, mientras que para los pacientes mayores a 70 años fue mejor para aquellos pacientes con CEA. El objetivo final periprocedimiento no difería entre CAS y CEA, pero existían diferencias en los componentes CAS vs. CEA (ataques cerebrovasculares 4.1% vs. 2.3%, P=0.012; y el infarto de miocardio 1.1% vs. 2.3%, P=0.032). Conclusiones: En el CREST, el objetivo final primario tanto en CAS como en CREST, tuvo similares síntomas a corto como a largo plazo. Durante el período periprocedimiento, existía mayor riesgo de ataque cerebrovascular con CAS mientras que con CEA existía un riesgo mayor de infarto de miocardio.

Antecedentes e objetivos: A estenose arterial carotídea é causa de aproximadamente 10% de todos os acidentes cerebrovasculares isquêmicos. A endarterectomia carotídea (CEA) se apresentou como tratamento para prevenir os acidentes cerebrovasculares no início dos anos 50. A colocação do stent carotídeo (CAS) foi apresentada como um tratamento para prevenir o acidente cerebrovascular em 1994. Métodos: O estudo CREST foi um ensaio clínico randomizado completamente cego. Tantoos pacientes sintomáticos quanto os assintomáticos foram randomizados CAS ou randomizados CEA. O objetivo final primário foi a combinação de qualquer acidente cerebrovascular, de infarto do miocárdio ou inclusive de óbito durante o período periprocedimento e de acidente cerebrovascular ipsilateral depois de 4 anos. Resultados: Não foi demonstrada uma diferença significativa nas médias do objetivo final entre CAS e CEA (7.2% vs. 6.8%; HR=1.11; 95% CI, 0.81-1.51; P=0.51). Tanto o estado sintomático quanto o sexo dos pacientes não modificaram o efeito do tratamento, porém, detectou-se uma interação entre a idade e o tratamento. Os resultados foram levemente melhores com CAS nos pacientes menores de 70 anos, enquanto que para os pacientes maiores de 70 anos foi melhor com CEA. O objetivo final periprocedimento não diferia entre CAS e CEA, mas existiam diferenças nos componentes CAS vs. CEA (acidentes cerebrovasculares 4.1% vs. 2.3%, P=0.012; e o infarto do miocárdio 1.1% vs. 2.3%, P=0.032). Conclusões: No estudo CREST, o objetivo final primário tanto em CAS quanto em CREST, apresentou similares sintomas tanto a curto como a longo prazo. Durante o período periprocedimento, existia maior risco de acidente cerebrovascular com CAS enquanto que com CEA existia um risco maior de infarto do miocárdio.

Background and purpose: Carotid artery stenosis causes 10% of all ischemic cerebrovascular attacks. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) was introduced as the treatment to prevent strokes in the beginning of the 50´s. The placement of a carotid stents (CAS) was introduced as a treatment to prevent strokes in 1994. Method: CREST is a randomized study with complete blind randomization. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were randomized to CAS or CEA. The primary outcome was the combination of the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction or death during the periprocedural period or ipsilateral stroke after 4 years. Results: There were no significant differences in the mean final outcome between CAS andCEA (7.2% vs. 6.8%; HR=1.11; 95% CI, 0.81-1.51; P=0.51). Both being symptomatic as well as the gender of the patients did not modify the treatment effect, but there was a relationship between age and treatment. The results were slightly better with CAS in patients under 70 years old, while in patients over 70 years old the results were better with CEA. The final peri-procedural outcome did not differ between CAS and CEA but there were differences in the CAS vs CEA components (stroke 4.1% vs. 2.3%, P=0.012; and myocardial infarction 1.1% vs. 2.3%, P=0.032). Conclusions: In the CREST study, with regards to the primary end point both CAS and CEA had similar short-term symptoms. During the peri-procedural period in patients undergoing CAS there was a higher risk of stroke while patients undergoing CEA presented a higher risk of myocardial infarction.

Rescue Treatment with Intra-arterial Tirofiban Infusion and Emergent Carotid Stenting

Rapid arterial rethrombosis is associated with high-grade residual stenosis and usually occurs at the site of the initial occlusion, resulting in reocclusion of the recanalized artery. Platelets may play an active role in such rethrombosis after thrombolytic-induced clot lysis. Given that glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers, like tirofiban, prevent thrombus formation by inhibiting the final common pathway of platelet aggregation, they may be helpful for treating rethrombosis after thrombolysis. A 64-year-old man presented with an acute ischemic stroke due to internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. The ICA was recanalized by intravenous thrombolysis but reoccluded shortly after recanalization. The reoccluded ICA was successfully recanalized using intra-arterial tirofiban. A carotid stent was subsequently inserted to relieve severe stenosis and to prevent recurrent stroke. Here, we report a case of rescue treatment of a successfully recanalized ICA by intra- arterial tirofiban. We suggest that rescue use of intra-arterial tirofiban may be effective and safe, especially in hemorrhage prone situations, due to the relatively lower dose of tirofiban compared with intravenous doses.

High-risk carotid stent implantation in a case with bilateral carotid artery stenosis.

Bilateral carotid revascularization with balloon angioplasty and self-expandable stent deployment in a 71-year-old patient with repeated transient ischemic attacks with blindness. Expansion of the internal carotid arteries was achieved bilaterally by the insertion of self-expandable stents into the arteries with excellent and safe results.